This is a working overview of mitochondrial biogenesis, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2025-09-05. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also marketed informally as Stenabolic |
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ |
| Molecular formula | C24H30ClN3O4S | Approximate molecular weight 492 g/mol |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Identifier for the parent compound |
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Prohibited in sport by WADA |
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
== See also == Ancient DNA Biocultural anthropology Biological distance analysis Odontometrics Osteoarchaeology Paleopathology Zooarchaeology 2025 in bioarchaeology 2026 in bioarchaeology Dental analysis in archaeology
=== Vaccines === Gardasil (HPV vaccine) ($8.5 billion in 2024 revenues) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide. ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax ($2.5 billion in 2024 revenues) is a combination MMRV vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), and varicella (chickenpox). Vaxneuvance ($0.8 billion in 2024 revenues) is a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. RotaTeq ($0.7 billion in 2024 revenues) is a rotavirus vaccine. Pneumovax 23 ($0.3 billion in 2024 revenues) is a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
==== Bones ==== In mice, irisin released from skeletal muscle during exercise acts directly on bone by increasing cortical bone mineral density, bone perimeter and polar moment of inertia. Irisin regulates bone remodeling and bone metabolism in animal models and humans.
=== Pyrogens === A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. In the presence of an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, viroids, etc., the immune response of the body is to inhibit their growth and eliminate them. The most common pyrogens are endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. But pyrogens include non-endotoxic substances (derived from microorganisms other than gram-negative-bacteria or from chemical substances) as well. The types of pyrogens include internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) to the body. The "pyrogenicity" of given pyrogens varies: in extreme cases, bacterial pyrogens can act as superantigens and cause rapid and dangerous fevers.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Dosage and administration == Each benzhydrocodone/APAP immediate release tablet contains 6.12 mg of benzhydrocodone (equivalent to 6.67 mg of benzhydrocodone hydrochloride) and 325 mg of acetaminophen. The tablets are white, capsule-shaped and are debossed with "KP201" on one side. Dosing should start at one to two tablets every four to six hours, as needed for pain. The dosage should not exceed 12 tablets in a 24-hour period. The total dosage of benzhydrocodone/APAP and any other acetaminophen containing products should not exceed 4000 mg of acetaminophen in a 24-hour period.
An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the chemical compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom. For example, the aglycone of a cardiac glycoside would be a steroid molecule. Samples of glycones and glycosides from limonoids can be simultaneously quantified through a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, where a binary solvent system and a diode array detector separate and detect them at a sensitivity of 0.25-0.50 μg. A study on molecular markers in human aortic endothelial cells published that urolithin A aglycone stopped cell migration but not monocyte adhesion, which is the initial step of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Another study exploring the benefits of extra virgin olive oil consumption in preventing age-related neurodegenerative diseases found oleuropein aglycone greatly increased the cognitive performance of mice. The aglycone-fed mice displayed strong autophagic reactions, mTOR regulation, and reduced plaque deposits and β-amyloid levels. Glucoside Media related to Glycoside aglycones at Wikimedia Commons
== In the environment == The long half-life of technetium-99 and its ability to form an anionic species make it (along with 129I) a major concern when considering long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Many of the processes designed to remove fission products from medium-active process streams in reprocessing plants are designed to remove cationic species like caesium (e.g., 137Cs, 134Cs) and strontium (e.g., 90Sr). Hence the pertechnetate escapes through these treatment processes. Disposal options favor burial in geologically stable rock. The primary danger with such a course is that the waste is likely to come into contact with water, which could leach radioactive contamination into the environment. The natural cation-exchange capacity of soils tends to immobilize plutonium, uranium, and caesium cations. However, the anion-exchange capacity is usually much smaller, so minerals are less likely to adsorb the pertechnetate and iodide anions, leaving them mobile in the soil. For this reason, the environmental chemistry of technetium is an active area of research.
Insulin is used to treat a number of diseases including diabetes and its acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states. It is also used along with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels. Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the baby. Insulin was formerly used in a psychiatric treatment called insulin shock therapy.
== External links == Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_Bipartite_1 Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoCore_2 Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoExtC_3 Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoExtC_4
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 has not been approved as a therapeutic drug in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Human safety and efficacy data are very limited. Its presence in consumer products does not imply regulatory approval.
The World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance because it can alter gene expression and metabolic pathways relevant to performance. The ban applies at all times, not only during competition. Detection relies on laboratory methods such as mass spectrometry.
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.