anti-doping is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Updated 2026-01-11. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Research-use-only status in many markets |
| WADA status | Prohibited in sport | Generally listed as a non-approved substance |
| Detection technique | LC-MS/MS | Common for urine and blood analysis |
| Common alias | Stenabolic | Informal market nickname, not a pharmacopoeial name |
| Purity check | HPLC or LC-UV | Independent certificate of analysis is typical |
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
== Co-culture composition and conditions == Based on the desired product of the SCOBY, different species of bacteria and yeast are used. Such cultures generally include aerobic, gram negative AAB species such as Acetobacter, Gluconobacter and Komagataeibacter, aerobic, gram positive LAB such as Lactobacillus, as well as various yeasts such as Saccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces. Strains are pre-screened for viability under compatible conditions, increased yield of desired product, and indisposition to compete; once chosen, various culture conditions are modified for optimal growth and productivity. For kombucha SCOBYs, the first step is yeast fermentation of sugars such as glucose from black or green tea into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Zygosaccharomyces is reported to be involved in 84.1% of all kombucha SCOBY fermentation processes due to its improved stability in high sugar and halophilic conditions, while Saccharomyces is predominantly used for its efficient fermentation rates and resistance to high temperature and alcohol content. Different variations of yeast can also be added as either a supplemental means to introduce different flavors and aromas or ensure reaction completion by utilizing different niches. While these niches vary yeast to yeast, certain fermentation conditions remain consistent. Such conditions include but are not limited to high substrate concentration, sufficient oxygen levels, temperatures of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F), and a pH between 4–4.5.
1961 Discovery by Leonard Hayflick of the limit of divisions for somatic cells, named the Hayflick limit. Hayflick found that normal human cells, extracted from fetus, are able to divide only about 50 times, after that they enter a senescence phase. 1969 Immunological theory of aging proposed by Roy Walford. 1974 Formation of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) – the aging of the population began to be perceived as a problem deserving state attention (and not as a problem of separate scientific societies). Since 1984, the NIA has begun to contribute in every way to the work of the National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging (NACDA). 1977 To explain aging, Thomas Kirkwood proposed the disposable soma theory. According to the theory, the organism has only a limited amount of resources that it has to allocate between different purposes (such as growth, reproduction, repair of damage). Aging occurs due to the limitation of resources that the body can afford to spend on repair. 1985 The discovery of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein that is able to restore shortened telomeres. The discovery was made by Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. This research is based on the theoretical works of Alexey Olovnikov. The study of telomeres and telomerase required many more years and the work of many scientists around the world. For this work, in 2009, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak received the Nobel prize, in the same year Alexey Olovnikov was awarded the Demidov Prize.
Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory. The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law of Hong Kong for 50 years after the handover. According to legal scholar Albert Chen, the Basic Law does not have an expiry date and is, unless amended, of continuing validity. In response to large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law. The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction. Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law. The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration. In October 2020, the Hong Kong Police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May. They were charged with contempt and with interfering with council members, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained. Annual commemorations of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law.
== Diagnosis == SJIA is diagnosed clinically and corroborated by typical test findings; it is a diagnosis of exclusion. Other causes of fever, such as infections, cancer, and other inflammatory/rheumatologic disorders such autoinflamatory syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Kawasaki disease, must be ruled out. When a child is suspected of having sJIA, they should always have a full evaluation for infection and cancer. This evaluation should include blood and urine cultures, imaging tests, and perhaps a bone marrow exam or lymph node biopsy to rule out leukemia or lymphoma. According to the most recent International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria, a child must have arthritis, ≥2 weeks of daily fever that is documented as occurring daily for ≥3 days, and any one of the following symptoms to be classified as having sJIA: organomegaly, lymphadenopathy, serositis, or non-fixed/evanescent rash While there are typical patterns of laboratory abnormalities, such as elevated C-reactive protein levels, high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, and microcytic anemia, there are no particular laboratory tests for sJIA.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Earth The HIC of mantle rocks on Earth is highly variable; and that of mantle water is around −80‰ ~ −50‰ depending on its states such as fluid, hydrous phase, hydroxyl point defect, juvenile water (from degassing of the mantle), magmatic water (water equilibrated with a magma). Sun The Sun's DHR is around 21 ± 5 × 10−6. Mars The current HIC is enriched by a factor of 5 relative to Earth's seawater due to continual losses of H in Martian atmosphere. Therefore, the δD is estimated at around +4000‰. The DHRs of Jupiter and Saturn are nearly in the order of 10−5, and the DHRs of Uranus and Neptune are closer to 10−4. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Variations in isotopic composition of extraterrestrial materials stem from planetary accretion or other planetary processes such as atmospheric escape, and are larger for H and N than for C and O. The preservation of D-enrichment is observed in chondritic meteorites, interplanetary dust particles and cometary Volatiles. From the helium isotope abundance data, the cosmic DHR is estimated at around 20 ppm: much lower than the terrestrial DHR of 150 ppm. The enrichment of D/H from the proto-solar reservoir occurs for most of the planets except for Jupiter and Saturn, the massive gaseous planets. The DHRs of the atmospheres of Venus and Mars are ~2 × 10−2 and ~8 × 10−4 respectively. The DHRs of Uranus and Neptune are larger than that of protosolar reservoir by a factor of ~3 due to their deuterium-rich icy cores.
=== Glucose metabolism === Phosphorylation of sugars is often the first stage in their catabolism. Phosphorylation allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter. Phosphorylation of glucose is a key reaction in sugar metabolism. The chemical equation for the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis is given by:
== Uses == Since 1990, erythritol has had a history of safe use as a sweetener and flavor-enhancer in food and beverage products and is approved for use by government regulatory agencies in more than 60 countries. Beverage categories for its use are coffee and tea, liquid dietary supplements, juice blends, soft drinks, and flavored water product variations, with foods including confections, biscuits and cookies, tabletop sweeteners, and sugar-free chewing gum. The mild sweetness of erythritol allows for a volume-for-volume replacement of sugar, whereas sweeter sugar substitutes need fillers that result in a noticeably different texture in baked products. Erythritol is also used as a humectant.
== Function == The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. All of these glycoproteins consist of an identical alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit. This gene encodes the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone. In conjunction with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone induces egg and sperm production. The FSHB gene in human DNA encodes the follicle-stimulating hormone subunit beta protein (FSH-B), or Follitropin Beta. More specifically, the FSHB gene encodes for the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Therefore, proper transcription of FSHB allows for the proper production of FSH. FSH is a peptide hormone the pituitary gland produces that is involved with the reproductive system. FSH promotes follicular oocyte (egg) production, growth, and maturation and helps control a female's menstrual cycle. Additionally, FSH is involved in the male reproductive system by stimulating spermatogenesis (maturation of sperm cells) and initiating puberty. Studies show that variations in the FSHB gene can contribute to the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant with fraternal, or dizygotic, twins. This is because certain heritable variations of FSHB contribute to increased production of FSH from the pituitary gland, raising the levels of FSH found in a woman's blood. It is also shown that women with these FSHB variants had their first menstrual cycle, children, and menopause at an earlier age than women without the variant.
In January 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order demanding that various drug cartels and criminal organizations (Sinaloa Cartel, Gulf Cartel, La Nueva Familia Michoacana, Jalisco New Generation Cartel, Northeast Cartel, United Cartels, Tren de Aragua and Mara Salvatrucha) be added to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists, which was officially enacted on 20 February, 2025, making such groups officially Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Similarly, Canada has also joined in designating drug cartels as Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Also, in the same year, the United States similarly designated and added the Los Lobos and Los Choneros gangs to the list of foreign terrorist organizations. On October 1, 2025, in the context of Operation Southern Spear and the US naval deployment in the Caribbean, President Donald Trump formally declared that the US is engaged in a "non-international armed conflict" with "unlawful combatants" associated with drug cartels operating in the Caribbean. This legal shift enabled operations such as the recent Operation Absolute Resolve on January 3, 2026, in which US special forces captured former Venezuelan leader Nicolás Maduro in Caracas on charges of narco-terrorism.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Central nervous system and appetite regulation ==== GLP-1 receptor activation stimulates satiety, thus reducing food intake, promoting the development of a negative energy balance, and decreasing body weight over time, making GLP-1 agonists a treatment option for obesity. In the hypothalamus, this is achieved by stimulating anorexigenic (satiety-inducing) POMC and CART neurons while simultaneously inhibiting orexigenic (appetite-inducing) AgRP and NPY neurons. GLP-1 agonists also counteract obesity-induced leptin resistance. They do this by downregulating inhibitory proteins like SOCS3 and PTP1B, which restores the brain's JAK/STAT signaling cascade and re-establishes sensitivity to leptin.
=== Special populations === Patients already suffering from debilitation are at a much higher risk of respiratory depression. Non-opioid analgesics should be considered in this population. Elderly patients are much more sensitive to adverse effects such as falls, cognitive impairment and constipation, and should be monitored for such. Decreased renal function associated with aging leads to decreased clearance of the drug, resulting in narrow therapeutic windows and increasing the danger of overdose. If oxymorphone is absolutely indicated, smaller initial doses should be started for this population. There is a risk of neonatal withdrawal symptom in the newborn if pregnant women take oxymorphone for a prolonged period. Oxymorphone crosses the placenta and holds risk of birth defects, poor fetal growth, stillbirth, and preterm delivery. The children of mothers who are physically dependent on oxymorphone have a higher risk of similar dependence. Due to these severe risks, oxymorphone is highly discouraged among this population. The amount of transfer of oxymorphone into the breast milk is not known and women are cautioned to weigh the risks and benefits before breastfeeding while on this medication.
=== Congeners === Coronaridine congeners are important in drug discovery and development due to multiple actions on different targets. They have ability to inhibit Cav2.2 channel, modulate and inhibit subunits of nAChr selectively such as α9α10, α3β4 and potentiate GABAA activity.
Carbaminohemoglobin (Hb associated with CO2) Carboxyhemoglobin (Hb associated with CO) Chlorophyll (Mg heme) Complete blood count Delta globin Hemoglobinometer Hemoprotein Methemoglobin (ferric Hb, or ferrihemoglobin) Oxyhemoglobin (with diatomic oxygen, colored blood-red) Tegillarca granosa - "blood clam" Vaska's complex – iridium organometallic complex notable for its ability to bind to O2 reversibly
In response to this, the junctional epithelium proliferates and grows into the vacant underlying spaces, effectively causing the level of its attachment to migrate towards apically, revealing more tooth structure than is normally evident supragingivally (above the level of the gumline) in health. While many established lesions continue to the advanced lesion (below), most either remain as established lesions for decades or indefinitely; the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not well understood.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.
Anti-doping laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect SR9009 or its metabolites in urine or blood. The exact assay depends on the laboratory and the testing program. Detection can be challenging because the compound may be rapidly metabolized and present at low levels.
Stenabolic is an informal nickname used in online fitness and research-chemical markets, not an official drug name. It likely references reported effects on endurance in rodent studies. The nickname does not imply approval or proven human benefit.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.