freeze-thaw comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2025-11-09. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
In the United States, tranexamic acid is FDA-approved for short-term use in people with severe bleeding disorders who are about to have dental surgery. Tranexamic acid is used for a short period before and after the surgery to prevent major blood loss and decrease the need for blood transfusions. Tranexamic acid is used in dentistry in the form of a 5% mouth rinse after extractions or surgery in patients with prolonged bleeding time; e.g., from acquired or inherited disorders. In China, tranexamic acid is allowed in over-the-counter toothpaste, with six products using the drug. As of 2018, there are no limits on dosage, nor requirements for labeling the concentration. 0.05% TXA in toothpaste is allowed OTC in Hong Kong. <5% TXA in over-the-counter toothpaste is first patented and marketed by Lion Corporation in Japan, where it is still sold. Presence of unauthorized TXA has led to the Canadian recall of a Yunnan Baiyao toothpaste in 2019.
=== 2024 Khabarovsk, Russia === On 5 April 2024, an emergency regime was introduced in the Russian city of Khabarovsk after a local resident accidentally discovered that radiation levels had jumped sharply in one of the industrial areas of the city. According to volunteers of the dosimetric control group, the dosimeter at the NP site showed up to 800 microsieverts, which is 1600 times the safe value. Employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations fenced off the area to 30 by 30 meters (100 by 100 ft), where they found a capsule with caesium from a defectoscope. This was placed in a protective container and taken away for disposal. The incident was first reported by the Novaya Gazeta.
Icalcaprant (developmental code name CVL-354) is a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder and substance-related disorders. It is taken by mouth. It acts as a selective antagonist of the KOR. The drug is also more weakly an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), with about 31-fold lower affinity and 27-fold lower inhibitory potency at the MOR relative to the KOR. It was originated by Pfizer and is under development by Cerevel Therapeutics (a subsidiary of AbbVie). As of September 2022, icalcaprant is in phase 1 clinical trials for major depressive disorder and is in the preclincal stage of development for substance-related disorders.
Chen, Li & Shi (2026) study the cranial morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Tossunnoria pseudibex, recover the species as a member of the bovid tribe Urmiatheriini, and interpret its caprin-like morphology as a result of convergent evolution. Revision of the type material of Pachygazella grangeri is published by Bai, Wang & Dong (2026). Evidence from the study of tooth wear of extant and Pleistocene springboks, indicative of variability of dietary signals in members of the same species both within and across different biomes, is presented by Walls et al. (2026). Dumitru et al. (2026) determine that deposition of fossils of Myotragus antiquus in Cova des Fum (Mallorca, Spain) happened between 3.60 and 3.45 million years ago, indicating that M. antiquus lived years earlier than indicated by previous estimates. Armaroli et al. (2026) provide new information on the late Pleistocene Alpine ibex population from Riparo Dalmeri (Italy) on the basis of the study of strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of their remains, ancient DNA data and radiocarbon dating, reporting evidence of stable density of the studied population despite intensive hunting and consistent human presence, as well as evidence dietary differences between sexes in the studied population. Sorbelli et al. (2026) describe fossil material of "Alephis" tigneresi from the Pliocene strata from Camp dels Ninots (Spain), and assign this species to the genus Parabos. Liang et al.
From June 2023 to April 2024, Serbian television presenter Bojana Janković (née Nikolić), known for hosting the show City, posted to the internet forum Bluelight that she was bedridden with symptoms consistent with neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome after receiving six depot injections of paliperidone palmitate (four shots of Invega Sustenna and two shots of Invega Trinza). She wrote: "My main problem is 0 motivation, low energy and anhedonia. Also i have cognitive issues. Beddriden mostly..." The injections were prescribed by her private psychiatrist and friend around the time of her divorce from Ognjen Janković, a member of the hip-hop group Beogradski Sindikat. She died by suicide in Belgrade on April 19, 2024, aged 46.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Cancer === Current clinical trials testing synthetic platelets offer a promising strategy for oncology applications by facilitating targeted drug delivery to tumors and reducing off-target toxicity in cancer therapy. Natural platelets were reported to interact with cancer cells through mechanisms such as immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Specific to oncology, synthetic platelets are applied using targeted drug delivery. Platelet-mimicking nanoparticles developed from self-assembling peptides were found to adhere to tumor endothelial cells and induce localized coagulation, forming artificial clots that disrupt tumor vasculature. This approach reduces blood supply to the tumor, effectively starving cancer cells while preventing metastatic spread. Furthermore, synthetic platelets designed to deliver chemotherapy drugs can leverage natural platelet-tumor interactions to deliver drugs directly to cancerous cells, which has been seen to reduce off-target effects and improve therapeutic outcomes. Immunotherapy and radiation sensitization are additional application areas of platelet-mimicking particles. Platelet-inspired nanomedicine uses extracellular vesicles and platelet-derived biomaterials to enhance immune responses against tumors. These biomimetic platforms can be designed to carry immune checkpoint inhibitors and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can help overcome immune evasion mechanisms employed by cancer cells.
Elevated SIRs (which is risk of getting cancer) were found for subgroups in the USA cohort defined by age <35 years or childhood onset GH deficiency." The FDA issued a Safety Communication in August 2011, stating that the evidence regarding recombinant human growth hormone and increased risk of death is inconclusive after reviewing sources including a French study which compared persons with certain kinds of short stature (idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic or gestational short stature) treated with recombinant human growth hormone during childhood and who were followed over a long period of time, with individuals in the general population of France.
12 September 1946 the minister for external affairs in India, Jawaharlal Nehru demanded in a letter to the Commander in Chief and Defence Secretary, that a large-scale reform should be implemented to improve the Indian Army. Calcutta had been ravaged by large communal riots, but the British Indian Army was able to restore order. Nehru demanded with urgency, that the Indian Army should safeguard India's new democracy. Nehru was a nationalist and opposed India's "divide and rule" policy.
Cy1: Curly; the wings curve away from the body, flight may be somewhat impaired e1: Ebony; black body and wings (heterozygotes are also visibly darker than wild type) Sb1: Stubble; bristles are shorter and thicker than wild type w1: White; eyes lack pigmentation and appear white bw: Brown; eye color determined by various pigments combined. y1: Yellow; body pigmentation and wings appear yellow, the fly analog of albinism
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is common for identity and purity checks. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection can also be used. Both methods require a suitable reference standard.