SR9009 raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-03-08. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | SR9009 | Also referred to as Stenabolic in non-scientific contexts. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Not a steroid or peptide hormone. |
| Receptor target | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptor agonist in preclinical studies. |
| Development status | Investigational | No approved human therapeutic indication. |
| Regulatory attention | Prohibited in sport | Listed by anti-doping authorities. |
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Quality control for research materials includes identity confirmation by nuclear magnetic resonance and purity assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry provides molecular weight confirmation and can detect related impurities. Purchasers should request a certificate of analysis that lists lot-specific data. Online products advertised for human use often lack such documentation. Distinguishing legitimate research material from mislabeled or contaminated samples is a recurring challenge in independent testing, and independent laboratories may use orthogonal methods to verify identity.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
== Membrane exchange chromatography == A type of ion exchange chromatography, membrane exchange is a relatively new method of purification designed to overcome limitations of using columns packed with beads. Membrane Chromatographic devices are cheap to mass-produce and disposable unlike other chromatography devices that require maintenance and time to revalidate. There are three types of membrane absorbers that are typically used when separating substances. The three types are flat sheet, hollow fibre, and radial flow. The most common absorber and best suited for membrane chromatography is multiple flat sheets because it has more absorbent volume. It can be used to overcome mass transfer limitations and pressure drop, making it especially useful for isolating and purifying viruses, plasmid DNA, and other large macromolecules. The column is packed with microporous membranes with internal pores which contain adsorptive moieties that can bind the target protein. Adsorptive membranes are available in a variety of geometries and chemistry which allows them to be used for purification and also fractionation, concentration, and clarification in an efficiency that is 10 fold that of using beads. Membranes can be prepared through isolation of the membrane itself, where membranes are cut into squares and immobilized. A more recent method involved the use of live cells that are attached to a support membrane and are used for identification and clarification of signaling molecules.
==== United States ==== Spirit Cave Man was discovered in 1940 during salvage work prior to guano mining activity that was scheduled to begin in the area. The mummy is a middle-aged male, found completely dressed and lying on a blanket made of animal skin. Radiocarbon tests in the 1990s dated the mummy to being nearly 9,000 years old. The remains were held at the Nevada State Museum, though the local Native American community began petitioning to have the remains returned and reburied in 1995. When the Bureau of Land Management did not repatriate the mummy in 2000, the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe sued under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. After DNA sequencing determined that the remains were in fact related to modern Native Americans, they were repatriated to the tribe in 2016.
The acetic acid bacteria in kombucha are aerobic, meaning that they require oxygen for their growth and activity. Hence, the bacteria initially migrate and assemble at the air interface, followed by the excretion of bacterial cellulose after about 2 days. The mixed, presumably mutualistic culture has been further described as being lichenous, in accord with the reported presence of the known lichenous natural product usnic acid, though as of 2015, no report appears indicating the standard cyanobacterial species of lichens in association with kombucha fungal components.
The "Learn" section of HPA includes educational resources, including information regarding antibody-based applications and techniques, a histology dictionary and educational 3D videos. The dictionary is an interactive tool for free full-screen exploration of whole slide images of normal human organs and tissues, cancer tissues and cell structures, guided with detailed annotations of all major structural elements. Educational videos have been produced by HPA, depicting the exploration of the human body in 3D, using antibody-based profiling of tissues and light sheet microscopy. The movies are available at the HPA website as well as on a YouTube channel. Datasets used in HPA are made freely available to encourage further studies within the research community. Access to the extensive datasets is given through the downloadable data page of HPA, wherein 29 different downloadable files are available, containing genome‐wide data across various assays.
=== Other applications === In soil science, cation-exchange capacity is the ion-exchange capacity of soil for positively charged ions. Soils can be considered as natural weak cation exchangers. In pollution remediation and geotechnical engineering, ion-exchange capacity determines the swelling capacity of swelling or expansive clay such as montmorillonite, which can be used to "capture" pollutants and charged ions. In planar waveguide manufacturing, ion exchange is used to create the guiding layer of higher index of refraction. Dealkalization, removal of alkali ions from a glass surface. Chemically strengthened glass, produced by exchanging K+ for Na+ in soda glass surfaces using KNO3 melts.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Specialist Physiotherapist in Parkinson's Disease, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Physiotherapy. Brenda Anne Lines. Chair, Big Local DY10. For services to the community in Kidderminster, Worcestershire. Richard John Linley. Lately Senior Inspector of Courses, British Horseracing Authority. For services to Horse Racing. Antony Lishak. Chief Executive, Learning from the Righteous. For services to Holocaust Education. Sharon Louise Livermore. Founder, Domestic Abuse Education and Director, Kameo Recruitment. For services to the Victims of Domestic Abuse. Shalom Ijeoma Lloyd. Director, Naturally Tiwa Skincare. For services to International Trade and to Women in Business. Dr. Leonard Malcolm Lofts. Patron and Lately Chief Executive, Northam Care Trust. For services to People with Disabilities in Devon. Joanne Elizabeth Loftus. Lately Civil Secretary, Ministry of Defence. For services to Defence. Louise Long. Chief Executive, Inverclyde Council. For services to Local Government and to the community in Inverclyde, Renfrewshire. Maria Victoria Rodriguez Lopez. Head of Partnerships, Scottish Government. For services to Minority Ethnic Communities in Scotland during Covid-19. Paul John Lord. Director of Sport and Senior Leader, Westcroft Special School. For services to Children and Young People with Special Educational Needs. Andrew McLauchlan Lothian. Founder and Director, Insights Learning and Development. For services to Personal and Professional Development. Dickon Rutherford Love. For services to Bell-Ringing in London and Kent.
Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency. Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).
== Early life and education == Mojsov was born in Skopje, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia, and did her undergraduate degree in physical chemistry in Belgrade. She joined the graduate program at the Rockefeller University in 1972, where she worked alongside Robert Bruce Merrifield (1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) on the synthesis of peptides. Specifically, Mojsov focused on the synthesis of glucagon, a hormone which is released by the pancreas. At the time it was proposed that glucagon might help to treat Type 2 diabetes.
However, the exact age and provenance of CM 9401 remain uncertain due to a lack of detailed field documentation. In 2018, a paper describing tyrannosaurid teeth from the Two Medicine Formation noted a premaxillary tooth (YPM VPPU 023469) had a strong resemblance to the teeth of Sue to the exclusion of any Campanian tyrannosaurid. Additionally, the authors of this paper suggested that CM 9401 also comes from the Two Medicine Formation, as there were preservational similarities between its locality and the Willow Creek anticline, which is where the tooth was found. Notably, this would place both specimens in the Flag Butte Member of the Two Medicine Formation, which dates from 77 to 76.3 Ma, far older than any other Tyrannosaurus specimen, and directly contemporaneous with Daspletosaurus. In 2025, these specimens, with their old geologic age, were used as evidence by Charlie Scherer to suggest that the Tyrannosaurini did not evolve directly from Daspletosaurus.
=== Effects of propranolol on other drugs === Propranolol has been found to increase area-under-the-curve levels of propafenone by more than 3-fold. It has been found to increase lidocaine levels by 1.3-fold. The drug has been found to increase peak and area-under-the-curve levels of nifedipine by 1.6-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. Propranolol decreases theophylline clearance by 30 to 52%. Propranolol inhibits the metabolism of the benzodiazepine diazepam and can increase exposure to diazepam. Conversely, propranolol does not affect various other benzodiazepines, including oxazepam, triazolam, lorazepam, and alprazolam. High-dose long-acting propranolol has been found to increase thioridazine levels by 1.6- to 4.7-fold and levels of its metabolite mesoridazine by 1.3- to 3.1-fold. Propranolol decreased lovastatin or pravastatin area-under-the-curve levels by 18 to 23% but did not affect fluvastatin. It may decrease triiodothyronine (T3) levels when taken with thyroxine (T4). Propranolol has been found to increase the bioavailability and effects of warfarin.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== January 4, 1982 (Monday) == The United States Postal Service inaugurated its new "electronic mail service", "E-COM" (Electronic Computer Originated Service)at 25 specially equipped U.S. post office locations. According to the USPS description, "a company's computer will send a message via a communications common carrier— such as long-distance telephone" to one of the 25 offices and "There, the message will be printed on paper, put in a distinctive blue-and-white E-COM envelope and delivered with regular mail." The service would be discontinued less than four years later, on September 2, 1985. U.S. National Security Adviser Richard V. Allen was fired by President Ronald Reagan in the wake of a report by a Japanese newspaper on November 13 that Allen had accepted a $1,000 payment from a Japanese magazine in return for arranging an interview of First Lady Nancy Reagan. Allen was replaced by deputy U.S. secretary of state William P. Clark. The nation of Brazil elevated its territory of Rondônia to statehood as its 23rd unidades federativa, with Porto Velho as its capital. A mudslide in the U.S. state of California killed at least 31 people, most of whom had been in homes buried in the town of Ben Lomond. President Reagan announced in a statement from the White House that the U.S. had submitted a draft of a treaty for the elimination of all medium-range American and Soviet nuclear missiles from Europe. In a statement, Reagan said "Such a treaty would be a major contribution to security, stability and peace.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD, or alcoholic cirrhosis) develops in 10–20% of individuals who drink heavily for a decade or more. Alcohol seems to injure the liver by blocking the normal metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates. This injury happens through the formation of acetaldehyde from alcohol. Acetaldehyde is reactive and leads to the accumulation of other reactive products in the liver. People with ALD may also have concurrent alcoholic hepatitis. Associated symptoms are fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and anorexia. AST and ALT blood levels are both elevated, but at less than 300 IU/liter, with an AST:ALT ratio > 2.0, a value rarely seen in other liver diseases. In the United States, 40% of cirrhosis-related deaths are due to alcohol. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. This type of disorder can be caused by obesity, diabetes, malnutrition, coronary artery disease, and steroids. Though similar in signs to alcoholic liver disease, no history of notable alcohol use is found. Blood tests and medical imaging are used to diagnose NAFLD and NASH, and sometimes a liver biopsy is needed. Chronic hepatitis C, an infection with the hepatitis C virus, causes inflammation of the liver and a variable grade of damage to the organ. Over several decades, this inflammation and damage can lead to cirrhosis. Among people with chronic hepatitis C, 20–30% develop cirrhosis. Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease are the most common reasons for liver transplant.
Classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to "lone pairs" of electrons residing on the main group atoms of ligands such as H2O, NH3, Cl−, and CN−. In modern coordination compounds almost all organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands. The "metal" usually is a metal from the groups 3–13, as well as the trans-lanthanides and trans-actinides, but from a certain perspective, all chemical compounds can be described as coordination complexes. The stereochemistry of coordination complexes can be quite rich, as hinted at by Werner's separation of two enantiomers of [Co((OH)2Co(NH3)4)3]6+, an early demonstration that chirality is not inherent to organic compounds. A topical theme within this specialization is supramolecular coordination chemistry.
Willie Limond, 45, Scottish boxer and footballer (Albion Rovers), complications from a seizure. 18 April – Dave Moyes, 68, Scottish footballer (Berwick Rangers, Meadowbank Thistle, Dunfermline Athletic). 23 April – Fergie MacDonald, 86, Scottish accordionist. 28 April – Brian McCardie, 59, Scottish actor (Rob Roy, Speed 2: Cruise Control, Ellie Parker) and writer. 29 April – Christian, 80, Scottish singer and entertainer. 3 May – Jim Rodger, 90, Scottish footballer (St Mirren, Rangers, Queen of the South). 14 May – Gudrun Ure, 98, Scottish actress (Super Gran, The Million Pound Note, The Crow Road). 20 May – Gerry Collins, 69, Scottish football player (Ayr United, Hamilton Academical, Partick Thistle) and manager. 22 May – David Wilkie, 70, Scottish swimmer, Olympic champion (1976), world champion (1973, 1975), cancer. 24 May – Stuart Borrowman, 71, Scottish politician. 29 May – John Burnside, 69, Scottish writer and poet. 5 June – David Scott, 83, Scottish journalist and broadcaster (Scottish Daily Express, BBC Scotland, STV). (death announced on this date) 18 June – Billy Abercromby, 65, Scottish footballer (St Mirren, Partick Thistle, Dunfermline Athletic). (death announced on this date) 26 June – Pat Heywood, 92, actress (Lucky Feller, Wuthering Heights, Inspector Morse, Root Into Europe) 27 June – Donald Scott, 96, Scottish rugby union player (Langholm, South of Scotland District, national team). 28 July – John Anderson, 92, Scottish television personality (Gladiators). 4 August – Jim Doherty, 65, Scottish footballer (Kilmarnock, Clyde, Queen of the South).
=== Safer sex programmes === Many schools now provide safer sex education to teen and pre-teen students, who may engage in sexual activity. Since some adolescents are going to have sex, a harm-reductionist approach supports a sexual education which emphasizes the use of protective devices like condoms and dental dams to protect against unwanted pregnancy and the transmission of STIs. This runs contrary to abstinence-only sex education, which teaches that educating children about sex can encourage them to engage in it. These programmes have been found to decrease risky sexual behaviour and prevent sexually transmitted infections. They also reduce rates of unwanted pregnancies. Abstinence-only programmes do not appear to affect HIV risks in developed countries with no evidence available for other areas.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.
No. It is a small molecule that binds nuclear receptors involved in circadian regulation. Its classification differs from anabolic steroids or peptide hormones.
Published human clinical trial data are lacking. Most safety and activity information comes from preclinical models, so effects in people remain uncertain.
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.